What is the primary difference between laminar and turbulent flow?

The primary difference between laminar and turbulent flow lies in the characteristics of how the fluid moves. Laminar flow is defined by its smooth and orderly motion, where fluid particles move in parallel layers with minimal mixing between them. This orderly arrangement allows for lower frictional drag and stable patterns of flow, making it predictable and efficient.

In contrast, turbulent flow is characterized by chaotic and irregular fluid motion, where there is significant mixing among the fluid layers. Turbulent flow can occur at higher speeds and is accompanied by fluctuations in pressure and velocity, which lead to increased drag and energy losses. Therefore, understanding that laminar flow is smooth and orderly is key to distinguishing it from the more chaotic nature of turbulent flow.